Add group to favorites
Back to post list
Send new message to group Search:
Post Subject:
Blood viscosity / stroke risk
Blood viscosity / stroke risk
Men have higher hemoglobin / more red blood cells .. than women ..
therefore higher viscosity ..
Source: American Heart Association
Date: April 23, 1998
'Sticky' Blood May Underlie Development Of Early Atherosclerosis In Men
DALLAS, April 21 -- The stickier, or more viscous, a man's blood is,
the greater his risk of developing the kind of blood vessel damage that
can eventually lead to a heart attack or stroke, a study published in
today's Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association reports.
The increased risk does not hold true for women -- which may shed light
on why males tend to develop heart disease and suffer strokes at a
younger age than females, says lead author Amanda J. Lee, Ph.D.,
research statistician at the University of Edinburgh Medical School,
Scotland.
The study is the first to link blood stickiness to the early
development of atherosclerosis, which results from the build-up of
cholesterol, fats and biological debris in the tissue lining the inside
of blood vessels. This build-up can obstruct blood flow to the heart
and brain and thereby cause a heart attack or stroke.
The researchers cannot explain the lack of correlation between blood
viscosity and blood vessel-wall thickening in women. They do, however,
have several hypotheses.
A number of risk factors contribute to the development of
atherosclerosis, and an interaction may be required among these risk
factors to cause the blood vessel damage that occurs in men. One
interaction may involve cigarette smoking, which is greater in men than
women. A more likely explanation, however, is that blood viscosity has
a different effect in men than women, which accounts for its role in
early blood vessel damage, Lee says.
Blood viscosity may act differently in the two sexes because of
differences in speed of the blood as it courses through vessels and
subtle differences between the two sexes in the geometry, or shape, of
blood vessels, she says. A higher blood velocity in men, coupled with
greater viscosity, cigarette smoking and blood pressure, may create
greater sheer stress that does more damage in men than in women to the
one-cell-thick inner lining of blood vessel walls.
This may preferentially predispose men to the buildup of deposits in
the blood vessel walls that can eventually lead to heart attacks and
strokes, Lee suggests. "Therefore, it may be that viscosity may explain
why men have higher heart attack and strokes rates than women."
Previous studies identified blood viscosity and elevated levels of
certain blood substances, including the protein fibrinogen, as
increasing the risk of a heart attack or stroke caused by
atherosclerotic disease. Other studies have shown that an increased
thickness of the intima and the media, the two layers within the blood
vessel wall where deposits form, can indicate early atherosclerosis.
"But nobody before us looked at the stickiness of blood and its various
determinants to see whether they may have an effect on intima-media,"
she says.
Moreover, when the researchers statistically adjusted their findings to
account for the role of cholesterol, age, blood pressure and cigarette
smoking in blood vessel thickening, they found that sticky blood still
increased the intima-media thickening risk in males.
"We've shown that these effects are independent of the known common
risk factors, and so basically, we can say that viscosity has an effect
on early atherosclerosis in men," Lee says.
She and her colleagues used data from the Edinburgh Artery Study, a
prospective study of 1,592 men and women 55 to 74 years old when they
were enrolled in the late 1980s. At the time of entry, each answered a
risk-assessment questionnaire and gave blood. Five years later, as part
of their follow-up, the volunteers were given a B-mode ultrasound scan,
which can provide a image of the thickness of the intima and media
layers in the blood vessels to the brain.
This ultrasound technique yields a black-and-white longitudinal image
of a vessel from which thickness measurements can be made. "We're
talking very small thicknesses-millimeters or parts of millimeters
thick," Lee says. (One millimeter equals 0.0394 inch.).
The researchers compared the intima-media thickness measurements of
1,106 study participants with their blood-flow status and the levels of
various substances in their blood. These included blood and plasma
viscosity; packed red cell volume (hematocrit); fibrinogen, a protein
involved in clotting; von Willebrand factor, which can indicate damage
to cells lining the vessel; tissue plasminogen activator, an
anticlotting factor; and fibrin D-dimer, an indicator of fibrinogen
activity.
The study noted significant correlations in men -- but not in women --
between intima-media thickness and elevated blood viscosity and three
major elements that determine blood stickiness: plasma viscosity,
fibrinogen, and the red-blood-cell count.
Co-authors of the paper are Philip I. Mowbray, B.Sc.; Gordon D.O. Lowe,
F.R.C.P.; Ann Rumley, Ph.D.; F. Gerald R. Fowkes, F.R.C.P.E.; and Paul
L. Allan, F.R.C.R. The study was funded by the British Heart
Foundation.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: American Heart Association
Date: August 17, 1999
"Thick" Blood May Increase Stroke Risk
DALLAS, Aug 17 -- A person with 'thick' blood may be at higher risk for
stroke, according to a new study in today's Circulation: Journal of the
American Heart Association.
Thick or viscous blood tends to coagulate and form unwanted blood clots
that can block blood flow to the heart or brain, causing a heart attack
or stroke.
Coagulation potential was assessed by measuring three 'factors,' which
are components in the blood that are involved in blood clotting. The
factors are von Willebrand factor, factor VIIIc and fibrinogen.
Researchers also examined whether blood components -- such as white
blood cell count -- that are an indication of inflammation can predict
stroke risk. Inflammatory by-products in the blood, due to infections
or other causes, have been associated with heart attack.
Individuals with the highest levels of these factors had the highest
risk for stroke.
"Inflammation and elevated levels of these substances in blood have
previously been associated with increased risk of coronary heart
disease, but prior to the new study, there had been scant clinical
evidence of their role in ischemic stroke, caused by a clot in a blood
vessel in the brain," says lead researcher Aaron R. Folsom, M.D., of
the division of epidemiology in the School of Public Health at the
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
"This study modestly supports the hypothesis that von Willebrand
factor, factor VIIIc and fibrinogen can identify groups of middle-aged
adults at increased risk of stroke," concludes Folsom.
Researchers also say that the blood coagulation factors may not just be
a 'marker' of risk, but could play a role in causing stroke by
increasing the risk of a blood clot in the arteries that serve the
brain.
Von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc are produced by the cells that
line the blood vessels. They increase blood clotting by causing
platelets, the disk-shaped blood components, to stick together.
Fibrinogen, a protein involved in blood coagulation, and white blood
cell count, an indicator of inflammation, were also found to increase
stroke risk, but to a lesser degree.
"Some of these factors can be detected in routine blood tests, but the
value of screening for and modifying these new risk markers as an
additional means of preventing stroke clearly remains to be
established," says Folsom.
"High levels of some of these factors could be altered by getting rid
of the other underlying risk factors," Folsom says. "Fibrinogen, in
particular, is known to be elevated in people who smoke or have
diabetes. So if you want to reduce your risk of stroke, it's important
to eliminate as many of the proven major risk factors as possible."
Researchers emphasize that there is more potential benefit in focusing
the concern of physicians and patients on well-established
cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, obesity, high
blood pressure and high blood cholesterol, since these may directly
affect the levels of stroke-related coagulation protein in the blood.
During the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study,
researchers measured these substances in 14,700 participants ages 45 to
64, who were free of cardiovascular disease when the study began and
followed them for six to nine years.
Researchers identified 191 study participants as having ischemic
strokes. Ninety-four were men and 97 were women.
After adjusting for factors such as age, race, high blood pressure,
diabetes, smoking habits and cholesterol, researchers found that those
with the highest levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc had
the highest risk of stroke.
The participants with the highest levels -- the top quarter -- of von
Willebrand factor were shown to have a 1.7 times greater risk of
developing ischemic stroke than those in the lowest quarter. Only one
small previous prospective study has been reported on the relationship
between von Willebrand factor and stroke, and ARIC is believed to be
the first prospective study ever to examine the relationship between
factor VIIIc levels and stroke risk. A prospective study follows
healthy individuals over time to look for disease risk factors.
Compared to whites, black participants had 15 to 20 percent higher
levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc and 3 percent higher
levels of fibrinogen in their blood. Whether such variables could help
explain a statistically higher incidence of stroke among African
Americans remains unclear, Folsom says. Compared with whites, young
African Americans have a two to three times greater risk of ischemic
stroke.
Co-authors were Wayne D. Rosamond, Ph.D.; Eyal Shahar, M.D.; Lawton S.
Cooper, M.D.; Nena Aleksic, Pharm.D., Ph.D.; F. Javier Nieto, M.D.,
Ph.D.; Mandy L. Rasmussen and Kenneth K. Wu, M.D. for the
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators.
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
* jesuswasavegetarian.7h . com
Man Is A Herbivore!
* tinyurl . com /a3cc3
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
* tinyurl . com /zk9fk
Men have higher hemoglobin / more red blood cells .. than women ..
therefore higher viscosity ..
Source: American Heart Association
Date: April 23, 1998
'Sticky' Blood May Underlie Development Of Early Atherosclerosis In Men
DALLAS, April 21 -- The stickier, or more viscous, a man's blood is,
the greater his risk of developing the kind of blood vessel damage that
can eventually lead to a heart attack or stroke, a study published in
today's Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association reports.
The increased risk does not hold true for women -- which may shed light
on why males tend to develop heart disease and suffer strokes at a
younger age than females, says lead author Amanda J. Lee, Ph.D.,
research statistician at the University of Edinburgh Medical School,
Scotland.
The study is the first to link blood stickiness to the early
development of atherosclerosis, which results from the build-up of
cholesterol, fats and biological debris in the tissue lining the inside
of blood vessels. This build-up can obstruct blood flow to the heart
and brain and thereby cause a heart attack or stroke.
The researchers cannot explain the lack of correlation between blood
viscosity and blood vessel-wall thickening in women. They do, however,
have several hypotheses.
A number of risk factors contribute to the development of
atherosclerosis, and an interaction may be required among these risk
factors to cause the blood vessel damage that occurs in men. One
interaction may involve cigarette smoking, which is greater in men than
women. A more likely explanation, however, is that blood viscosity has
a different effect in men than women, which accounts for its role in
early blood vessel damage, Lee says.
Blood viscosity may act differently in the two sexes because of
differences in speed of the blood as it courses through vessels and
subtle differences between the two sexes in the geometry, or shape, of
blood vessels, she says. A higher blood velocity in men, coupled with
greater viscosity, cigarette smoking and blood pressure, may create
greater sheer stress that does more damage in men than in women to the
one-cell-thick inner lining of blood vessel walls.
This may preferentially predispose men to the buildup of deposits in
the blood vessel walls that can eventually lead to heart attacks and
strokes, Lee suggests. "Therefore, it may be that viscosity may explain
why men have higher heart attack and strokes rates than women."
Previous studies identified blood viscosity and elevated levels of
certain blood substances, including the protein fibrinogen, as
increasing the risk of a heart attack or stroke caused by
atherosclerotic disease. Other studies have shown that an increased
thickness of the intima and the media, the two layers within the blood
vessel wall where deposits form, can indicate early atherosclerosis.
"But nobody before us looked at the stickiness of blood and its various
determinants to see whether they may have an effect on intima-media,"
she says.
Moreover, when the researchers statistically adjusted their findings to
account for the role of cholesterol, age, blood pressure and cigarette
smoking in blood vessel thickening, they found that sticky blood still
increased the intima-media thickening risk in males.
"We've shown that these effects are independent of the known common
risk factors, and so basically, we can say that viscosity has an effect
on early atherosclerosis in men," Lee says.
She and her colleagues used data from the Edinburgh Artery Study, a
prospective study of 1,592 men and women 55 to 74 years old when they
were enrolled in the late 1980s. At the time of entry, each answered a
risk-assessment questionnaire and gave blood. Five years later, as part
of their follow-up, the volunteers were given a B-mode ultrasound scan,
which can provide a image of the thickness of the intima and media
layers in the blood vessels to the brain.
This ultrasound technique yields a black-and-white longitudinal image
of a vessel from which thickness measurements can be made. "We're
talking very small thicknesses-millimeters or parts of millimeters
thick," Lee says. (One millimeter equals 0.0394 inch.).
The researchers compared the intima-media thickness measurements of
1,106 study participants with their blood-flow status and the levels of
various substances in their blood. These included blood and plasma
viscosity; packed red cell volume (hematocrit); fibrinogen, a protein
involved in clotting; von Willebrand factor, which can indicate damage
to cells lining the vessel; tissue plasminogen activator, an
anticlotting factor; and fibrin D-dimer, an indicator of fibrinogen
activity.
The study noted significant correlations in men -- but not in women --
between intima-media thickness and elevated blood viscosity and three
major elements that determine blood stickiness: plasma viscosity,
fibrinogen, and the red-blood-cell count.
Co-authors of the paper are Philip I. Mowbray, B.Sc.; Gordon D.O. Lowe,
F.R.C.P.; Ann Rumley, Ph.D.; F. Gerald R. Fowkes, F.R.C.P.E.; and Paul
L. Allan, F.R.C.R. The study was funded by the British Heart
Foundation.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: American Heart Association
Date: August 17, 1999
"Thick" Blood May Increase Stroke Risk
DALLAS, Aug 17 -- A person with 'thick' blood may be at higher risk for
stroke, according to a new study in today's Circulation: Journal of the
American Heart Association.
Thick or viscous blood tends to coagulate and form unwanted blood clots
that can block blood flow to the heart or brain, causing a heart attack
or stroke.
Coagulation potential was assessed by measuring three 'factors,' which
are components in the blood that are involved in blood clotting. The
factors are von Willebrand factor, factor VIIIc and fibrinogen.
Researchers also examined whether blood components -- such as white
blood cell count -- that are an indication of inflammation can predict
stroke risk. Inflammatory by-products in the blood, due to infections
or other causes, have been associated with heart attack.
Individuals with the highest levels of these factors had the highest
risk for stroke.
"Inflammation and elevated levels of these substances in blood have
previously been associated with increased risk of coronary heart
disease, but prior to the new study, there had been scant clinical
evidence of their role in ischemic stroke, caused by a clot in a blood
vessel in the brain," says lead researcher Aaron R. Folsom, M.D., of
the division of epidemiology in the School of Public Health at the
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
"This study modestly supports the hypothesis that von Willebrand
factor, factor VIIIc and fibrinogen can identify groups of middle-aged
adults at increased risk of stroke," concludes Folsom.
Researchers also say that the blood coagulation factors may not just be
a 'marker' of risk, but could play a role in causing stroke by
increasing the risk of a blood clot in the arteries that serve the
brain.
Von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc are produced by the cells that
line the blood vessels. They increase blood clotting by causing
platelets, the disk-shaped blood components, to stick together.
Fibrinogen, a protein involved in blood coagulation, and white blood
cell count, an indicator of inflammation, were also found to increase
stroke risk, but to a lesser degree.
"Some of these factors can be detected in routine blood tests, but the
value of screening for and modifying these new risk markers as an
additional means of preventing stroke clearly remains to be
established," says Folsom.
"High levels of some of these factors could be altered by getting rid
of the other underlying risk factors," Folsom says. "Fibrinogen, in
particular, is known to be elevated in people who smoke or have
diabetes. So if you want to reduce your risk of stroke, it's important
to eliminate as many of the proven major risk factors as possible."
Researchers emphasize that there is more potential benefit in focusing
the concern of physicians and patients on well-established
cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, obesity, high
blood pressure and high blood cholesterol, since these may directly
affect the levels of stroke-related coagulation protein in the blood.
During the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study,
researchers measured these substances in 14,700 participants ages 45 to
64, who were free of cardiovascular disease when the study began and
followed them for six to nine years.
Researchers identified 191 study participants as having ischemic
strokes. Ninety-four were men and 97 were women.
After adjusting for factors such as age, race, high blood pressure,
diabetes, smoking habits and cholesterol, researchers found that those
with the highest levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc had
the highest risk of stroke.
The participants with the highest levels -- the top quarter -- of von
Willebrand factor were shown to have a 1.7 times greater risk of
developing ischemic stroke than those in the lowest quarter. Only one
small previous prospective study has been reported on the relationship
between von Willebrand factor and stroke, and ARIC is believed to be
the first prospective study ever to examine the relationship between
factor VIIIc levels and stroke risk. A prospective study follows
healthy individuals over time to look for disease risk factors.
Compared to whites, black participants had 15 to 20 percent higher
levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc and 3 percent higher
levels of fibrinogen in their blood. Whether such variables could help
explain a statistically higher incidence of stroke among African
Americans remains unclear, Folsom says. Compared with whites, young
African Americans have a two to three times greater risk of ischemic
stroke.
Co-authors were Wayne D. Rosamond, Ph.D.; Eyal Shahar, M.D.; Lawton S.
Cooper, M.D.; Nena Aleksic, Pharm.D., Ph.D.; F. Javier Nieto, M.D.,
Ph.D.; Mandy L. Rasmussen and Kenneth K. Wu, M.D. for the
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators.
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
* jesuswasavegetarian.7h . com
Man Is A Herbivore!
* tinyurl . com /a3cc3
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
* tinyurl . com /zk9fk
Re: Blood viscosity / stroke risk
ironjustice@aol . com wrote:
> Men have higher hemoglobin / more red blood cells .. than women ..
> therefore higher viscosity ..
>
> Source: American Heart Association
> Date: April 23, 1998
>
> 'Sticky' Blood May Underlie Development Of Early Atherosclerosis In Men
> DALLAS, April 21 -- The stickier, or more viscous, a man's blood is,
> the greater his risk of developing the kind of blood vessel damage that
> can eventually lead to a heart attack or stroke, a study published in
> today's Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association reports.
>
> The increased risk does not hold true for women -- which may shed light
> on why males tend to develop heart disease and suffer strokes at a
> younger age than females, says lead author Amanda J. Lee, Ph.D.,
> research statistician at the University of Edinburgh Medical School,
> Scotland.
>
> The study is the first to link blood stickiness to the early
> development of atherosclerosis, which results from the build-up of
> cholesterol, fats and biological debris in the tissue lining the inside
> of blood vessels. This build-up can obstruct blood flow to the heart
> and brain and thereby cause a heart attack or stroke.
>
> The researchers cannot explain the lack of correlation between blood
> viscosity and blood vessel-wall thickening in women. They do, however,
> have several hypotheses.
>
> A number of risk factors contribute to the development of
> atherosclerosis, and an interaction may be required among these risk
> factors to cause the blood vessel damage that occurs in men. One
> interaction may involve cigarette smoking, which is greater in men than
> women. A more likely explanation, however, is that blood viscosity has
> a different effect in men than women, which accounts for its role in
> early blood vessel damage, Lee says.
>
> Blood viscosity may act differently in the two sexes because of
> differences in speed of the blood as it courses through vessels and
> subtle differences between the two sexes in the geometry, or shape, of
> blood vessels, she says. A higher blood velocity in men, coupled with
> greater viscosity, cigarette smoking and blood pressure, may create
> greater sheer stress that does more damage in men than in women to the
> one-cell-thick inner lining of blood vessel walls.
>
> This may preferentially predispose men to the buildup of deposits in
> the blood vessel walls that can eventually lead to heart attacks and
> strokes, Lee suggests. "Therefore, it may be that viscosity may explain
> why men have higher heart attack and strokes rates than women."
>
> Previous studies identified blood viscosity and elevated levels of
> certain blood substances, including the protein fibrinogen, as
> increasing the risk of a heart attack or stroke caused by
> atherosclerotic disease. Other studies have shown that an increased
> thickness of the intima and the media, the two layers within the blood
> vessel wall where deposits form, can indicate early atherosclerosis.
>
> "But nobody before us looked at the stickiness of blood and its various
> determinants to see whether they may have an effect on intima-media,"
> she says.
>
> Moreover, when the researchers statistically adjusted their findings to
> account for the role of cholesterol, age, blood pressure and cigarette
> smoking in blood vessel thickening, they found that sticky blood still
> increased the intima-media thickening risk in males.
>
> "We've shown that these effects are independent of the known common
> risk factors, and so basically, we can say that viscosity has an effect
> on early atherosclerosis in men," Lee says.
>
> She and her colleagues used data from the Edinburgh Artery Study, a
> prospective study of 1,592 men and women 55 to 74 years old when they
> were enrolled in the late 1980s. At the time of entry, each answered a
> risk-assessment questionnaire and gave blood. Five years later, as part
> of their follow-up, the volunteers were given a B-mode ultrasound scan,
> which can provide a image of the thickness of the intima and media
> layers in the blood vessels to the brain.
>
> This ultrasound technique yields a black-and-white longitudinal image
> of a vessel from which thickness measurements can be made. "We're
> talking very small thicknesses-millimeters or parts of millimeters
> thick," Lee says. (One millimeter equals 0.0394 inch.).
>
> The researchers compared the intima-media thickness measurements of
> 1,106 study participants with their blood-flow status and the levels of
> various substances in their blood. These included blood and plasma
> viscosity; packed red cell volume (hematocrit); fibrinogen, a protein
> involved in clotting; von Willebrand factor, which can indicate damage
> to cells lining the vessel; tissue plasminogen activator, an
> anticlotting factor; and fibrin D-dimer, an indicator of fibrinogen
> activity.
>
> The study noted significant correlations in men -- but not in women --
> between intima-media thickness and elevated blood viscosity and three
> major elements that determine blood stickiness: plasma viscosity,
> fibrinogen, and the red-blood-cell count.
>
> Co-authors of the paper are Philip I. Mowbray, B.Sc.; Gordon D.O. Lowe,
> F.R.C.P.; Ann Rumley, Ph.D.; F. Gerald R. Fowkes, F.R.C.P.E.; and Paul
> L. Allan, F.R.C.R. The study was funded by the British Heart
> Foundation.
>
>
> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Source: American Heart Association
> Date: August 17, 1999
>
> "Thick" Blood May Increase Stroke Risk
> DALLAS, Aug 17 -- A person with 'thick' blood may be at higher risk for
> stroke, according to a new study in today's Circulation: Journal of the
> American Heart Association.
>
> Thick or viscous blood tends to coagulate and form unwanted blood clots
> that can block blood flow to the heart or brain, causing a heart attack
> or stroke.
>
> Coagulation potential was assessed by measuring three 'factors,' which
> are components in the blood that are involved in blood clotting. The
> factors are von Willebrand factor, factor VIIIc and fibrinogen.
> Researchers also examined whether blood components -- such as white
> blood cell count -- that are an indication of inflammation can predict
> stroke risk. Inflammatory by-products in the blood, due to infections
> or other causes, have been associated with heart attack.
>
> Individuals with the highest levels of these factors had the highest
> risk for stroke.
>
> "Inflammation and elevated levels of these substances in blood have
> previously been associated with increased risk of coronary heart
> disease, but prior to the new study, there had been scant clinical
> evidence of their role in ischemic stroke, caused by a clot in a blood
> vessel in the brain," says lead researcher Aaron R. Folsom, M.D., of
> the division of epidemiology in the School of Public Health at the
> University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
>
> "This study modestly supports the hypothesis that von Willebrand
> factor, factor VIIIc and fibrinogen can identify groups of middle-aged
> adults at increased risk of stroke," concludes Folsom.
>
> Researchers also say that the blood coagulation factors may not just be
> a 'marker' of risk, but could play a role in causing stroke by
> increasing the risk of a blood clot in the arteries that serve the
> brain.
>
> Von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc are produced by the cells that
> line the blood vessels. They increase blood clotting by causing
> platelets, the disk-shaped blood components, to stick together.
> Fibrinogen, a protein involved in blood coagulation, and white blood
> cell count, an indicator of inflammation, were also found to increase
> stroke risk, but to a lesser degree.
>
> "Some of these factors can be detected in routine blood tests, but the
> value of screening for and modifying these new risk markers as an
> additional means of preventing stroke clearly remains to be
> established," says Folsom.
>
> "High levels of some of these factors could be altered by getting rid
> of the other underlying risk factors," Folsom says. "Fibrinogen, in
> particular, is known to be elevated in people who smoke or have
> diabetes. So if you want to reduce your risk of stroke, it's important
> to eliminate as many of the proven major risk factors as possible."
>
> Researchers emphasize that there is more potential benefit in focusing
> the concern of physicians and patients on well-established
> cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, obesity, high
> blood pressure and high blood cholesterol, since these may directly
> affect the levels of stroke-related coagulation protein in the blood.
>
> During the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study,
> researchers measured these substances in 14,700 participants ages 45 to
> 64, who were free of cardiovascular disease when the study began and
> followed them for six to nine years.
>
> Researchers identified 191 study participants as having ischemic
> strokes. Ninety-four were men and 97 were women.
>
> After adjusting for factors such as age, race, high blood pressure,
> diabetes, smoking habits and cholesterol, researchers found that those
> with the highest levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc had
> the highest risk of stroke.
>
> The participants with the highest levels -- the top quarter -- of von
> Willebrand factor were shown to have a 1.7 times greater risk of
> developing ischemic stroke than those in the lowest quarter. Only one
> small previous prospective study has been reported on the relationship
> between von Willebrand factor and stroke, and ARIC is believed to be
> the first prospective study ever to examine the relationship between
> factor VIIIc levels and stroke risk. A prospective study follows
> healthy individuals over time to look for disease risk factors.
> Compared to whites, black participants had 15 to 20 percent higher
> levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc and 3 percent higher
> levels of fibrinogen in their blood. Whether such variables could help
> explain a statistically higher incidence of stroke among African
> Americans remains unclear, Folsom says. Compared with whites, young
> African Americans have a two to three times greater risk of ischemic
> stroke.
>
> Co-authors were Wayne D. Rosamond, Ph.D.; Eyal Shahar, M.D.; Lawton S.
> Cooper, M.D.; Nena Aleksic, Pharm.D., Ph.D.; F. Javier Nieto, M.D.,
> Ph.D.; Mandy L. Rasmussen and Kenneth K. Wu, M.D. for the
> Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators.
>
>
> Who loves ya.
> Tom
>
>
> Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
> * jesuswasavegetarian.7h . com
>
>
> Man Is A Herbivore!
> * tinyurl . com /a3cc3
>
>
> DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
> * tinyurl . com /zk9fk
>>ironjustice@aol . com wrote:
Compared with whites, young
African Americans have a two to three times greater risk of ischemic
stroke. <<
Anybody know if young African Americans have a higher hemoglobin ..
commonly .. than white males of same age .. ?
Since sickle cell is pretty high in African Americans of young age ..
which is a disease which causes erythrocytosis / increased red blood
cell production .. ?
Since people are now arguing there is a genetic form of iron excess in
Africa .. ?
I would bet the hemoglobin of young African Americans IS .. commonly ..
a .. weebithigher ..
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
* jesuswasavegetarian.7h . com
Man Is A Herbivore!
* tinyurl . com /a3cc3
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
* tinyurl . com /zk9fk
ironjustice@aol . com wrote:
> Men have higher hemoglobin / more red blood cells .. than women ..
> therefore higher viscosity ..
>
> Source: American Heart Association
> Date: April 23, 1998
>
> 'Sticky' Blood May Underlie Development Of Early Atherosclerosis In Men
> DALLAS, April 21 -- The stickier, or more viscous, a man's blood is,
> the greater his risk of developing the kind of blood vessel damage that
> can eventually lead to a heart attack or stroke, a study published in
> today's Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association reports.
>
> The increased risk does not hold true for women -- which may shed light
> on why males tend to develop heart disease and suffer strokes at a
> younger age than females, says lead author Amanda J. Lee, Ph.D.,
> research statistician at the University of Edinburgh Medical School,
> Scotland.
>
> The study is the first to link blood stickiness to the early
> development of atherosclerosis, which results from the build-up of
> cholesterol, fats and biological debris in the tissue lining the inside
> of blood vessels. This build-up can obstruct blood flow to the heart
> and brain and thereby cause a heart attack or stroke.
>
> The researchers cannot explain the lack of correlation between blood
> viscosity and blood vessel-wall thickening in women. They do, however,
> have several hypotheses.
>
> A number of risk factors contribute to the development of
> atherosclerosis, and an interaction may be required among these risk
> factors to cause the blood vessel damage that occurs in men. One
> interaction may involve cigarette smoking, which is greater in men than
> women. A more likely explanation, however, is that blood viscosity has
> a different effect in men than women, which accounts for its role in
> early blood vessel damage, Lee says.
>
> Blood viscosity may act differently in the two sexes because of
> differences in speed of the blood as it courses through vessels and
> subtle differences between the two sexes in the geometry, or shape, of
> blood vessels, she says. A higher blood velocity in men, coupled with
> greater viscosity, cigarette smoking and blood pressure, may create
> greater sheer stress that does more damage in men than in women to the
> one-cell-thick inner lining of blood vessel walls.
>
> This may preferentially predispose men to the buildup of deposits in
> the blood vessel walls that can eventually lead to heart attacks and
> strokes, Lee suggests. "Therefore, it may be that viscosity may explain
> why men have higher heart attack and strokes rates than women."
>
> Previous studies identified blood viscosity and elevated levels of
> certain blood substances, including the protein fibrinogen, as
> increasing the risk of a heart attack or stroke caused by
> atherosclerotic disease. Other studies have shown that an increased
> thickness of the intima and the media, the two layers within the blood
> vessel wall where deposits form, can indicate early atherosclerosis.
>
> "But nobody before us looked at the stickiness of blood and its various
> determinants to see whether they may have an effect on intima-media,"
> she says.
>
> Moreover, when the researchers statistically adjusted their findings to
> account for the role of cholesterol, age, blood pressure and cigarette
> smoking in blood vessel thickening, they found that sticky blood still
> increased the intima-media thickening risk in males.
>
> "We've shown that these effects are independent of the known common
> risk factors, and so basically, we can say that viscosity has an effect
> on early atherosclerosis in men," Lee says.
>
> She and her colleagues used data from the Edinburgh Artery Study, a
> prospective study of 1,592 men and women 55 to 74 years old when they
> were enrolled in the late 1980s. At the time of entry, each answered a
> risk-assessment questionnaire and gave blood. Five years later, as part
> of their follow-up, the volunteers were given a B-mode ultrasound scan,
> which can provide a image of the thickness of the intima and media
> layers in the blood vessels to the brain.
>
> This ultrasound technique yields a black-and-white longitudinal image
> of a vessel from which thickness measurements can be made. "We're
> talking very small thicknesses-millimeters or parts of millimeters
> thick," Lee says. (One millimeter equals 0.0394 inch.).
>
> The researchers compared the intima-media thickness measurements of
> 1,106 study participants with their blood-flow status and the levels of
> various substances in their blood. These included blood and plasma
> viscosity; packed red cell volume (hematocrit); fibrinogen, a protein
> involved in clotting; von Willebrand factor, which can indicate damage
> to cells lining the vessel; tissue plasminogen activator, an
> anticlotting factor; and fibrin D-dimer, an indicator of fibrinogen
> activity.
>
> The study noted significant correlations in men -- but not in women --
> between intima-media thickness and elevated blood viscosity and three
> major elements that determine blood stickiness: plasma viscosity,
> fibrinogen, and the red-blood-cell count.
>
> Co-authors of the paper are Philip I. Mowbray, B.Sc.; Gordon D.O. Lowe,
> F.R.C.P.; Ann Rumley, Ph.D.; F. Gerald R. Fowkes, F.R.C.P.E.; and Paul
> L. Allan, F.R.C.R. The study was funded by the British Heart
> Foundation.
>
>
> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Source: American Heart Association
> Date: August 17, 1999
>
> "Thick" Blood May Increase Stroke Risk
> DALLAS, Aug 17 -- A person with 'thick' blood may be at higher risk for
> stroke, according to a new study in today's Circulation: Journal of the
> American Heart Association.
>
> Thick or viscous blood tends to coagulate and form unwanted blood clots
> that can block blood flow to the heart or brain, causing a heart attack
> or stroke.
>
> Coagulation potential was assessed by measuring three 'factors,' which
> are components in the blood that are involved in blood clotting. The
> factors are von Willebrand factor, factor VIIIc and fibrinogen.
> Researchers also examined whether blood components -- such as white
> blood cell count -- that are an indication of inflammation can predict
> stroke risk. Inflammatory by-products in the blood, due to infections
> or other causes, have been associated with heart attack.
>
> Individuals with the highest levels of these factors had the highest
> risk for stroke.
>
> "Inflammation and elevated levels of these substances in blood have
> previously been associated with increased risk of coronary heart
> disease, but prior to the new study, there had been scant clinical
> evidence of their role in ischemic stroke, caused by a clot in a blood
> vessel in the brain," says lead researcher Aaron R. Folsom, M.D., of
> the division of epidemiology in the School of Public Health at the
> University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
>
> "This study modestly supports the hypothesis that von Willebrand
> factor, factor VIIIc and fibrinogen can identify groups of middle-aged
> adults at increased risk of stroke," concludes Folsom.
>
> Researchers also say that the blood coagulation factors may not just be
> a 'marker' of risk, but could play a role in causing stroke by
> increasing the risk of a blood clot in the arteries that serve the
> brain.
>
> Von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc are produced by the cells that
> line the blood vessels. They increase blood clotting by causing
> platelets, the disk-shaped blood components, to stick together.
> Fibrinogen, a protein involved in blood coagulation, and white blood
> cell count, an indicator of inflammation, were also found to increase
> stroke risk, but to a lesser degree.
>
> "Some of these factors can be detected in routine blood tests, but the
> value of screening for and modifying these new risk markers as an
> additional means of preventing stroke clearly remains to be
> established," says Folsom.
>
> "High levels of some of these factors could be altered by getting rid
> of the other underlying risk factors," Folsom says. "Fibrinogen, in
> particular, is known to be elevated in people who smoke or have
> diabetes. So if you want to reduce your risk of stroke, it's important
> to eliminate as many of the proven major risk factors as possible."
>
> Researchers emphasize that there is more potential benefit in focusing
> the concern of physicians and patients on well-established
> cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, obesity, high
> blood pressure and high blood cholesterol, since these may directly
> affect the levels of stroke-related coagulation protein in the blood.
>
> During the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study,
> researchers measured these substances in 14,700 participants ages 45 to
> 64, who were free of cardiovascular disease when the study began and
> followed them for six to nine years.
>
> Researchers identified 191 study participants as having ischemic
> strokes. Ninety-four were men and 97 were women.
>
> After adjusting for factors such as age, race, high blood pressure,
> diabetes, smoking habits and cholesterol, researchers found that those
> with the highest levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc had
> the highest risk of stroke.
>
> The participants with the highest levels -- the top quarter -- of von
> Willebrand factor were shown to have a 1.7 times greater risk of
> developing ischemic stroke than those in the lowest quarter. Only one
> small previous prospective study has been reported on the relationship
> between von Willebrand factor and stroke, and ARIC is believed to be
> the first prospective study ever to examine the relationship between
> factor VIIIc levels and stroke risk. A prospective study follows
> healthy individuals over time to look for disease risk factors.
> Compared to whites, black participants had 15 to 20 percent higher
> levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc and 3 percent higher
> levels of fibrinogen in their blood. Whether such variables could help
> explain a statistically higher incidence of stroke among African
> Americans remains unclear, Folsom says. Compared with whites, young
> African Americans have a two to three times greater risk of ischemic
> stroke.
>
> Co-authors were Wayne D. Rosamond, Ph.D.; Eyal Shahar, M.D.; Lawton S.
> Cooper, M.D.; Nena Aleksic, Pharm.D., Ph.D.; F. Javier Nieto, M.D.,
> Ph.D.; Mandy L. Rasmussen and Kenneth K. Wu, M.D. for the
> Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators.
>
>
> Who loves ya.
> Tom
>
>
> Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
> * jesuswasavegetarian.7h . com
>
>
> Man Is A Herbivore!
> * tinyurl . com /a3cc3
>
>
> DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
> * tinyurl . com /zk9fk
>>ironjustice@aol . com wrote:
Compared with whites, young
African Americans have a two to three times greater risk of ischemic
stroke. <<
Anybody know if young African Americans have a higher hemoglobin ..
commonly .. than white males of same age .. ?
Since sickle cell is pretty high in African Americans of young age ..
which is a disease which causes erythrocytosis / increased red blood
cell production .. ?
Since people are now arguing there is a genetic form of iron excess in
Africa .. ?
I would bet the hemoglobin of young African Americans IS .. commonly ..
a .. weebithigher ..
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
* jesuswasavegetarian.7h . com
Man Is A Herbivore!
* tinyurl . com /a3cc3
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
* tinyurl . com /zk9fk
Re: Blood viscosity / stroke risk
ironjustice@aol . com wrote:
> ironjustice@aol . com wrote:
> > Men have higher hemoglobin / more red blood cells .. than women ..
> > therefore higher viscosity ..
> >
> > Source: American Heart Association
> > Date: April 23, 1998
> >
> > 'Sticky' Blood May Underlie Development Of Early Atherosclerosis In Men
> > DALLAS, April 21 -- The stickier, or more viscous, a man's blood is,
> > the greater his risk of developing the kind of blood vessel damage that
> > can eventually lead to a heart attack or stroke, a study published in
> > today's Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association reports.
> >
> > The increased risk does not hold true for women -- which may shed light
> > on why males tend to develop heart disease and suffer strokes at a
> > younger age than females, says lead author Amanda J. Lee, Ph.D.,
> > research statistician at the University of Edinburgh Medical School,
> > Scotland.
> >
> > The study is the first to link blood stickiness to the early
> > development of atherosclerosis, which results from the build-up of
> > cholesterol, fats and biological debris in the tissue lining the inside
> > of blood vessels. This build-up can obstruct blood flow to the heart
> > and brain and thereby cause a heart attack or stroke.
> >
> > The researchers cannot explain the lack of correlation between blood
> > viscosity and blood vessel-wall thickening in women. They do, however,
> > have several hypotheses.
> >
> > A number of risk factors contribute to the development of
> > atherosclerosis, and an interaction may be required among these risk
> > factors to cause the blood vessel damage that occurs in men. One
> > interaction may involve cigarette smoking, which is greater in men than
> > women. A more likely explanation, however, is that blood viscosity has
> > a different effect in men than women, which accounts for its role in
> > early blood vessel damage, Lee says.
> >
> > Blood viscosity may act differently in the two sexes because of
> > differences in speed of the blood as it courses through vessels and
> > subtle differences between the two sexes in the geometry, or shape, of
> > blood vessels, she says. A higher blood velocity in men, coupled with
> > greater viscosity, cigarette smoking and blood pressure, may create
> > greater sheer stress that does more damage in men than in women to the
> > one-cell-thick inner lining of blood vessel walls.
> >
> > This may preferentially predispose men to the buildup of deposits in
> > the blood vessel walls that can eventually lead to heart attacks and
> > strokes, Lee suggests. "Therefore, it may be that viscosity may explain
> > why men have higher heart attack and strokes rates than women."
> >
> > Previous studies identified blood viscosity and elevated levels of
> > certain blood substances, including the protein fibrinogen, as
> > increasing the risk of a heart attack or stroke caused by
> > atherosclerotic disease. Other studies have shown that an increased
> > thickness of the intima and the media, the two layers within the blood
> > vessel wall where deposits form, can indicate early atherosclerosis.
> >
> > "But nobody before us looked at the stickiness of blood and its various
> > determinants to see whether they may have an effect on intima-media,"
> > she says.
> >
> > Moreover, when the researchers statistically adjusted their findings to
> > account for the role of cholesterol, age, blood pressure and cigarette
> > smoking in blood vessel thickening, they found that sticky blood still
> > increased the intima-media thickening risk in males.
> >
> > "We've shown that these effects are independent of the known common
> > risk factors, and so basically, we can say that viscosity has an effect
> > on early atherosclerosis in men," Lee says.
> >
> > She and her colleagues used data from the Edinburgh Artery Study, a
> > prospective study of 1,592 men and women 55 to 74 years old when they
> > were enrolled in the late 1980s. At the time of entry, each answered a
> > risk-assessment questionnaire and gave blood. Five years later, as part
> > of their follow-up, the volunteers were given a B-mode ultrasound scan,
> > which can provide a image of the thickness of the intima and media
> > layers in the blood vessels to the brain.
> >
> > This ultrasound technique yields a black-and-white longitudinal image
> > of a vessel from which thickness measurements can be made. "We're
> > talking very small thicknesses-millimeters or parts of millimeters
> > thick," Lee says. (One millimeter equals 0.0394 inch.).
> >
> > The researchers compared the intima-media thickness measurements of
> > 1,106 study participants with their blood-flow status and the levels of
> > various substances in their blood. These included blood and plasma
> > viscosity; packed red cell volume (hematocrit); fibrinogen, a protein
> > involved in clotting; von Willebrand factor, which can indicate damage
> > to cells lining the vessel; tissue plasminogen activator, an
> > anticlotting factor; and fibrin D-dimer, an indicator of fibrinogen
> > activity.
> >
> > The study noted significant correlations in men -- but not in women --
> > between intima-media thickness and elevated blood viscosity and three
> > major elements that determine blood stickiness: plasma viscosity,
> > fibrinogen, and the red-blood-cell count.
> >
> > Co-authors of the paper are Philip I. Mowbray, B.Sc.; Gordon D.O. Lowe,
> > F.R.C.P.; Ann Rumley, Ph.D.; F. Gerald R. Fowkes, F.R.C.P.E.; and Paul
> > L. Allan, F.R.C.R. The study was funded by the British Heart
> > Foundation.
> >
> >
> > -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> >
> > Source: American Heart Association
> > Date: August 17, 1999
> >
> > "Thick" Blood May Increase Stroke Risk
> > DALLAS, Aug 17 -- A person with 'thick' blood may be at higher risk for
> > stroke, according to a new study in today's Circulation: Journal of the
> > American Heart Association.
> >
> > Thick or viscous blood tends to coagulate and form unwanted blood clots
> > that can block blood flow to the heart or brain, causing a heart attack
> > or stroke.
> >
> > Coagulation potential was assessed by measuring three 'factors,' which
> > are components in the blood that are involved in blood clotting. The
> > factors are von Willebrand factor, factor VIIIc and fibrinogen.
> > Researchers also examined whether blood components -- such as white
> > blood cell count -- that are an indication of inflammation can predict
> > stroke risk. Inflammatory by-products in the blood, due to infections
> > or other causes, have been associated with heart attack.
> >
> > Individuals with the highest levels of these factors had the highest
> > risk for stroke.
> >
> > "Inflammation and elevated levels of these substances in blood have
> > previously been associated with increased risk of coronary heart
> > disease, but prior to the new study, there had been scant clinical
> > evidence of their role in ischemic stroke, caused by a clot in a blood
> > vessel in the brain," says lead researcher Aaron R. Folsom, M.D., of
> > the division of epidemiology in the School of Public Health at the
> > University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
> >
> > "This study modestly supports the hypothesis that von Willebrand
> > factor, factor VIIIc and fibrinogen can identify groups of middle-aged
> > adults at increased risk of stroke," concludes Folsom.
> >
> > Researchers also say that the blood coagulation factors may not just be
> > a 'marker' of risk, but could play a role in causing stroke by
> > increasing the risk of a blood clot in the arteries that serve the
> > brain.
> >
> > Von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc are produced by the cells that
> > line the blood vessels. They increase blood clotting by causing
> > platelets, the disk-shaped blood components, to stick together.
> > Fibrinogen, a protein involved in blood coagulation, and white blood
> > cell count, an indicator of inflammation, were also found to increase
> > stroke risk, but to a lesser degree.
> >
> > "Some of these factors can be detected in routine blood tests, but the
> > value of screening for and modifying these new risk markers as an
> > additional means of preventing stroke clearly remains to be
> > established," says Folsom.
> >
> > "High levels of some of these factors could be altered by getting rid
> > of the other underlying risk factors," Folsom says. "Fibrinogen, in
> > particular, is known to be elevated in people who smoke or have
> > diabetes. So if you want to reduce your risk of stroke, it's important
> > to eliminate as many of the proven major risk factors as possible."
> >
> > Researchers emphasize that there is more potential benefit in focusing
> > the concern of physicians and patients on well-established
> > cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, obesity, high
> > blood pressure and high blood cholesterol, since these may directly
> > affect the levels of stroke-related coagulation protein in the blood.
> >
> > During the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study,
> > researchers measured these substances in 14,700 participants ages 45 to
> > 64, who were free of cardiovascular disease when the study began and
> > followed them for six to nine years.
> >
> > Researchers identified 191 study participants as having ischemic
> > strokes. Ninety-four were men and 97 were women.
> >
> > After adjusting for factors such as age, race, high blood pressure,
> > diabetes, smoking habits and cholesterol, researchers found that those
> > with the highest levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc had
> > the highest risk of stroke.
> >
> > The participants with the highest levels -- the top quarter -- of von
> > Willebrand factor were shown to have a 1.7 times greater risk of
> > developing ischemic stroke than those in the lowest quarter. Only one
> > small previous prospective study has been reported on the relationship
> > between von Willebrand factor and stroke, and ARIC is believed to be
> > the first prospective study ever to examine the relationship between
> > factor VIIIc levels and stroke risk. A prospective study follows
> > healthy individuals over time to look for disease risk factors.
> > Compared to whites, black participants had 15 to 20 percent higher
> > levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc and 3 percent higher
> > levels of fibrinogen in their blood. Whether such variables could help
> > explain a statistically higher incidence of stroke among African
> > Americans remains unclear, Folsom says. Compared with whites, young
> > African Americans have a two to three times greater risk of ischemic
> > stroke.
> >
> > Co-authors were Wayne D. Rosamond, Ph.D.; Eyal Shahar, M.D.; Lawton S.
> > Cooper, M.D.; Nena Aleksic, Pharm.D., Ph.D.; F. Javier Nieto, M.D.,
> > Ph.D.; Mandy L. Rasmussen and Kenneth K. Wu, M.D. for the
> > Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators.
> >
> >
> > Who loves ya.
> > Tom
> >
> >
> > Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
> > * jesuswasavegetarian.7h . com
> >
> >
> > Man Is A Herbivore!
> > * tinyurl . com /a3cc3
> >
> >
> > DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
> > * tinyurl . com /zk9fk
>
> >>ironjustice@aol . com wrote:
>
> Compared with whites, young
> African Americans have a two to three times greater risk of ischemic
> stroke. <<
>
> Anybody know if young African Americans have a higher hemoglobin ..
> commonly .. than white males of same age .. ?
>
> Since sickle cell is pretty high in African Americans of young age ..
> which is a disease which causes erythrocytosis / increased red blood
> cell production .. ?
>
> Since people are now arguing there is a genetic form of iron excess in
> Africa .. ?
>
> I would bet the hemoglobin of young African Americans IS .. commonly ..
> a .. weebithigher ..
>
> Who loves ya.
> Tom
>
>
> Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
> * jesuswasavegetarian.7h . com
>
>
> Man Is A Herbivore!
> * tinyurl . com /a3cc3
>
>
> DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
> * tinyurl . com /zk9fk
<<snip>>
Significantly higher (P < 0.05) mean values for red cell indices were
confirmed in 25-54 year-old men, which also reflected equally higher
red blood cell counts (RBC), haematocrit (HCT) and mean corpuscular
haemoglobin (MCH) values.
<<snip>>
East Afr Med J. 1995 Jan;72(1):19-24. Links
The haematological profile of urban black Africans aged 15-64 years in
the Cape Peninsula.Badenhorst CJ, Fourie J, Steyn K, Jooste PL, Lombard
CJ, Bourne L, Slazus W.
Centre for Epidemiological Research in Southern Africa CERSA,
Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa.
A stratified probability sample (n = 986) with quotas was drawn from
black residential areas in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Subjects
(n = 819) aged 15-64 years, participated in a coronary heart disease
(CHD) risk factor survey, the BRISK Study. Nutritional status and
prevalence of CHD was determined in this population undergoing rapid
urbanization. Full blood and differential white blood cell counts
provided data to calculate population reference values based on the 95%
reference limits of the haematological parameter. Mean haemoglobin
concentrations (Hb) in men (14.0 g/dl) and women (12.4 g/dl) were +/-
1.5 g/dl lower than previous South African reports. Mean BRISK Hb
values were very similar to the World Health Organization's Hb cutoff
criteria (< 13 g/dl men; < 12 g/dl women), indicating a possible high
prevalence of anaemia. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) mean values for
red cell indices were confirmed in men, which also reflected equally
higher red blood cell counts (RBC), haematocrit (HCT) and mean
corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values. Mean Hb values were significantly
lower in the younger (15-24 years) and older (55-64 years) men compared
with 25-54 year-olds (P < 0.05). Hypochromic microcytic anaemia was
more prevalent in women, possibly due to iron deficiency (ID), while
macrocytic anaemia was more prevalent in men. No significant
differences were noted in mean total and differential white blood cell
counts (WBC) between men and women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PMID: 7781549 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
* jesuswasavegetarian.7h . com
Man Is A Herbivore!
* tinyurl . com /a3cc3
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
* tinyurl . com /zk9fk
ironjustice@aol . com wrote:
> ironjustice@aol . com wrote:
> > Men have higher hemoglobin / more red blood cells .. than women ..
> > therefore higher viscosity ..
> >
> > Source: American Heart Association
> > Date: April 23, 1998
> >
> > 'Sticky' Blood May Underlie Development Of Early Atherosclerosis In Men
> > DALLAS, April 21 -- The stickier, or more viscous, a man's blood is,
> > the greater his risk of developing the kind of blood vessel damage that
> > can eventually lead to a heart attack or stroke, a study published in
> > today's Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association reports.
> >
> > The increased risk does not hold true for women -- which may shed light
> > on why males tend to develop heart disease and suffer strokes at a
> > younger age than females, says lead author Amanda J. Lee, Ph.D.,
> > research statistician at the University of Edinburgh Medical School,
> > Scotland.
> >
> > The study is the first to link blood stickiness to the early
> > development of atherosclerosis, which results from the build-up of
> > cholesterol, fats and biological debris in the tissue lining the inside
> > of blood vessels. This build-up can obstruct blood flow to the heart
> > and brain and thereby cause a heart attack or stroke.
> >
> > The researchers cannot explain the lack of correlation between blood
> > viscosity and blood vessel-wall thickening in women. They do, however,
> > have several hypotheses.
> >
> > A number of risk factors contribute to the development of
> > atherosclerosis, and an interaction may be required among these risk
> > factors to cause the blood vessel damage that occurs in men. One
> > interaction may involve cigarette smoking, which is greater in men than
> > women. A more likely explanation, however, is that blood viscosity has
> > a different effect in men than women, which accounts for its role in
> > early blood vessel damage, Lee says.
> >
> > Blood viscosity may act differently in the two sexes because of
> > differences in speed of the blood as it courses through vessels and
> > subtle differences between the two sexes in the geometry, or shape, of
> > blood vessels, she says. A higher blood velocity in men, coupled with
> > greater viscosity, cigarette smoking and blood pressure, may create
> > greater sheer stress that does more damage in men than in women to the
> > one-cell-thick inner lining of blood vessel walls.
> >
> > This may preferentially predispose men to the buildup of deposits in
> > the blood vessel walls that can eventually lead to heart attacks and
> > strokes, Lee suggests. "Therefore, it may be that viscosity may explain
> > why men have higher heart attack and strokes rates than women."
> >
> > Previous studies identified blood viscosity and elevated levels of
> > certain blood substances, including the protein fibrinogen, as
> > increasing the risk of a heart attack or stroke caused by
> > atherosclerotic disease. Other studies have shown that an increased
> > thickness of the intima and the media, the two layers within the blood
> > vessel wall where deposits form, can indicate early atherosclerosis.
> >
> > "But nobody before us looked at the stickiness of blood and its various
> > determinants to see whether they may have an effect on intima-media,"
> > she says.
> >
> > Moreover, when the researchers statistically adjusted their findings to
> > account for the role of cholesterol, age, blood pressure and cigarette
> > smoking in blood vessel thickening, they found that sticky blood still
> > increased the intima-media thickening risk in males.
> >
> > "We've shown that these effects are independent of the known common
> > risk factors, and so basically, we can say that viscosity has an effect
> > on early atherosclerosis in men," Lee says.
> >
> > She and her colleagues used data from the Edinburgh Artery Study, a
> > prospective study of 1,592 men and women 55 to 74 years old when they
> > were enrolled in the late 1980s. At the time of entry, each answered a
> > risk-assessment questionnaire and gave blood. Five years later, as part
> > of their follow-up, the volunteers were given a B-mode ultrasound scan,
> > which can provide a image of the thickness of the intima and media
> > layers in the blood vessels to the brain.
> >
> > This ultrasound technique yields a black-and-white longitudinal image
> > of a vessel from which thickness measurements can be made. "We're
> > talking very small thicknesses-millimeters or parts of millimeters
> > thick," Lee says. (One millimeter equals 0.0394 inch.).
> >
> > The researchers compared the intima-media thickness measurements of
> > 1,106 study participants with their blood-flow status and the levels of
> > various substances in their blood. These included blood and plasma
> > viscosity; packed red cell volume (hematocrit); fibrinogen, a protein
> > involved in clotting; von Willebrand factor, which can indicate damage
> > to cells lining the vessel; tissue plasminogen activator, an
> > anticlotting factor; and fibrin D-dimer, an indicator of fibrinogen
> > activity.
> >
> > The study noted significant correlations in men -- but not in women --
> > between intima-media thickness and elevated blood viscosity and three
> > major elements that determine blood stickiness: plasma viscosity,
> > fibrinogen, and the red-blood-cell count.
> >
> > Co-authors of the paper are Philip I. Mowbray, B.Sc.; Gordon D.O. Lowe,
> > F.R.C.P.; Ann Rumley, Ph.D.; F. Gerald R. Fowkes, F.R.C.P.E.; and Paul
> > L. Allan, F.R.C.R. The study was funded by the British Heart
> > Foundation.
> >
> >
> > -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> >
> > Source: American Heart Association
> > Date: August 17, 1999
> >
> > "Thick" Blood May Increase Stroke Risk
> > DALLAS, Aug 17 -- A person with 'thick' blood may be at higher risk for
> > stroke, according to a new study in today's Circulation: Journal of the
> > American Heart Association.
> >
> > Thick or viscous blood tends to coagulate and form unwanted blood clots
> > that can block blood flow to the heart or brain, causing a heart attack
> > or stroke.
> >
> > Coagulation potential was assessed by measuring three 'factors,' which
> > are components in the blood that are involved in blood clotting. The
> > factors are von Willebrand factor, factor VIIIc and fibrinogen.
> > Researchers also examined whether blood components -- such as white
> > blood cell count -- that are an indication of inflammation can predict
> > stroke risk. Inflammatory by-products in the blood, due to infections
> > or other causes, have been associated with heart attack.
> >
> > Individuals with the highest levels of these factors had the highest
> > risk for stroke.
> >
> > "Inflammation and elevated levels of these substances in blood have
> > previously been associated with increased risk of coronary heart
> > disease, but prior to the new study, there had been scant clinical
> > evidence of their role in ischemic stroke, caused by a clot in a blood
> > vessel in the brain," says lead researcher Aaron R. Folsom, M.D., of
> > the division of epidemiology in the School of Public Health at the
> > University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
> >
> > "This study modestly supports the hypothesis that von Willebrand
> > factor, factor VIIIc and fibrinogen can identify groups of middle-aged
> > adults at increased risk of stroke," concludes Folsom.
> >
> > Researchers also say that the blood coagulation factors may not just be
> > a 'marker' of risk, but could play a role in causing stroke by
> > increasing the risk of a blood clot in the arteries that serve the
> > brain.
> >
> > Von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc are produced by the cells that
> > line the blood vessels. They increase blood clotting by causing
> > platelets, the disk-shaped blood components, to stick together.
> > Fibrinogen, a protein involved in blood coagulation, and white blood
> > cell count, an indicator of inflammation, were also found to increase
> > stroke risk, but to a lesser degree.
> >
> > "Some of these factors can be detected in routine blood tests, but the
> > value of screening for and modifying these new risk markers as an
> > additional means of preventing stroke clearly remains to be
> > established," says Folsom.
> >
> > "High levels of some of these factors could be altered by getting rid
> > of the other underlying risk factors," Folsom says. "Fibrinogen, in
> > particular, is known to be elevated in people who smoke or have
> > diabetes. So if you want to reduce your risk of stroke, it's important
> > to eliminate as many of the proven major risk factors as possible."
> >
> > Researchers emphasize that there is more potential benefit in focusing
> > the concern of physicians and patients on well-established
> > cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, obesity, high
> > blood pressure and high blood cholesterol, since these may directly
> > affect the levels of stroke-related coagulation protein in the blood.
> >
> > During the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study,
> > researchers measured these substances in 14,700 participants ages 45 to
> > 64, who were free of cardiovascular disease when the study began and
> > followed them for six to nine years.
> >
> > Researchers identified 191 study participants as having ischemic
> > strokes. Ninety-four were men and 97 were women.
> >
> > After adjusting for factors such as age, race, high blood pressure,
> > diabetes, smoking habits and cholesterol, researchers found that those
> > with the highest levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc had
> > the highest risk of stroke.
> >
> > The participants with the highest levels -- the top quarter -- of von
> > Willebrand factor were shown to have a 1.7 times greater risk of
> > developing ischemic stroke than those in the lowest quarter. Only one
> > small previous prospective study has been reported on the relationship
> > between von Willebrand factor and stroke, and ARIC is believed to be
> > the first prospective study ever to examine the relationship between
> > factor VIIIc levels and stroke risk. A prospective study follows
> > healthy individuals over time to look for disease risk factors.
> > Compared to whites, black participants had 15 to 20 percent higher
> > levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIIIc and 3 percent higher
> > levels of fibrinogen in their blood. Whether such variables could help
> > explain a statistically higher incidence of stroke among African
> > Americans remains unclear, Folsom says. Compared with whites, young
> > African Americans have a two to three times greater risk of ischemic
> > stroke.
> >
> > Co-authors were Wayne D. Rosamond, Ph.D.; Eyal Shahar, M.D.; Lawton S.
> > Cooper, M.D.; Nena Aleksic, Pharm.D., Ph.D.; F. Javier Nieto, M.D.,
> > Ph.D.; Mandy L. Rasmussen and Kenneth K. Wu, M.D. for the
> > Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators.
> >
> >
> > Who loves ya.
> > Tom
> >
> >
> > Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
> > * jesuswasavegetarian.7h . com
> >
> >
> > Man Is A Herbivore!
> > * tinyurl . com /a3cc3
> >
> >
> > DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
> > * tinyurl . com /zk9fk
>
> >>ironjustice@aol . com wrote:
>
> Compared with whites, young
> African Americans have a two to three times greater risk of ischemic
> stroke. <<
>
> Anybody know if young African Americans have a higher hemoglobin ..
> commonly .. than white males of same age .. ?
>
> Since sickle cell is pretty high in African Americans of young age ..
> which is a disease which causes erythrocytosis / increased red blood
> cell production .. ?
>
> Since people are now arguing there is a genetic form of iron excess in
> Africa .. ?
>
> I would bet the hemoglobin of young African Americans IS .. commonly ..
> a .. weebithigher ..
>
> Who loves ya.
> Tom
>
>
> Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
> * jesuswasavegetarian.7h . com
>
>
> Man Is A Herbivore!
> * tinyurl . com /a3cc3
>
>
> DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
> * tinyurl . com /zk9fk
<<snip>>
Significantly higher (P < 0.05) mean values for red cell indices were
confirmed in 25-54 year-old men, which also reflected equally higher
red blood cell counts (RBC), haematocrit (HCT) and mean corpuscular
haemoglobin (MCH) values.
<<snip>>
East Afr Med J. 1995 Jan;72(1):19-24. Links
The haematological profile of urban black Africans aged 15-64 years in
the Cape Peninsula.Badenhorst CJ, Fourie J, Steyn K, Jooste PL, Lombard
CJ, Bourne L, Slazus W.
Centre for Epidemiological Research in Southern Africa CERSA,
Tygerberg, Republic of South Africa.
A stratified probability sample (n = 986) with quotas was drawn from
black residential areas in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Subjects
(n = 819) aged 15-64 years, participated in a coronary heart disease
(CHD) risk factor survey, the BRISK Study. Nutritional status and
prevalence of CHD was determined in this population undergoing rapid
urbanization. Full blood and differential white blood cell counts
provided data to calculate population reference values based on the 95%
reference limits of the haematological parameter. Mean haemoglobin
concentrations (Hb) in men (14.0 g/dl) and women (12.4 g/dl) were +/-
1.5 g/dl lower than previous South African reports. Mean BRISK Hb
values were very similar to the World Health Organization's Hb cutoff
criteria (< 13 g/dl men; < 12 g/dl women), indicating a possible high
prevalence of anaemia. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) mean values for
red cell indices were confirmed in men, which also reflected equally
higher red blood cell counts (RBC), haematocrit (HCT) and mean
corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values. Mean Hb values were significantly
lower in the younger (15-24 years) and older (55-64 years) men compared
with 25-54 year-olds (P < 0.05). Hypochromic microcytic anaemia was
more prevalent in women, possibly due to iron deficiency (ID), while
macrocytic anaemia was more prevalent in men. No significant
differences were noted in mean total and differential white blood cell
counts (WBC) between men and women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PMID: 7781549 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
* jesuswasavegetarian.7h . com
Man Is A Herbivore!
* tinyurl . com /a3cc3
DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
* tinyurl . com /zk9fk
Re: Blood viscosity / stroke risk
ironjustice@aol . com wrote:
> Men have higher hemoglobin / more red blood cells .. than women ..
> therefore higher viscosity ..
>
> Source: American Heart Association
> Date: April 23, 1998
>
> 'Sticky' Blood May Underlie Development Of Early Atherosclerosis In Men
> DALLAS, April 21 -- The stickier, or more viscous, a man's blood is,
> the greater his risk of developing the kind of blood vessel damage that
> can eventually lead to a heart attack or stroke, a study published in
> today's Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association reports.
I remember a study published several years ago concerning regular blood
donators. It was found that those who donate blood have a much lower
incidence of heart disease compared with non-donators. It was
postulated that the reduction in blood iron was the reason.
Donating whole blood removed a volume of blood cells and plasma from
the circulating blood pool. The body reacts to the loss by
replenishing the volume lost with fluids secreted into the blood. So
once the fluid had replaced the volume lost in donation, the blood is
left slightly less viscous. Maybe that's another reason.
ironjustice@aol . com wrote:
> Men have higher hemoglobin / more red blood cells .. than women ..
> therefore higher viscosity ..
>
> Source: American Heart Association
> Date: April 23, 1998
>
> 'Sticky' Blood May Underlie Development Of Early Atherosclerosis In Men
> DALLAS, April 21 -- The stickier, or more viscous, a man's blood is,
> the greater his risk of developing the kind of blood vessel damage that
> can eventually lead to a heart attack or stroke, a study published in
> today's Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association reports.
I remember a study published several years ago concerning regular blood
donators. It was found that those who donate blood have a much lower
incidence of heart disease compared with non-donators. It was
postulated that the reduction in blood iron was the reason.
Donating whole blood removed a volume of blood cells and plasma from
the circulating blood pool. The body reacts to the loss by
replenishing the volume lost with fluids secreted into the blood. So
once the fluid had replaced the volume lost in donation, the blood is
left slightly less viscous. Maybe that's another reason.
Next: List of men who have taken it up the ass by a deranged Charolais bull with an...
Previous: Anthrax / iron
