Re: tax question for accountants
"Marc Schneiderman" <garbaron@telerama . com > wrote in message
news:rqfj14thojs7tkgekpr28qfg7od21i69io@4ax . com ...
> Question for the group:
>
> Do I get a tax deduction for my flying (to medical meetings) and/or as
> I'm a senior aviation medical examiner for the FAA? The IRS says
> "no."
The IRS always says "No", that way they cover themselves.
>
> Anyone have any other information?
>
I've had this in my files for about four years, but it's still accurate, I
believe.
Business Flying and Taxes:
Make Your Aircraft Business Plan a Key to Deductibility
How to stand up to IRS scrutiny
By Louis M. Meiners, Jr., President of Advocate Aircraft Taxation Company
Due to substantial deductions that may be available to a taxpayer who owns
and operates an aircraft as a business, it is highly advisable to operate
that business in such a manner as to survive special scrutiny that may be
imposed by an Internal Revenue Service examination.
The basic rule to keep in mind is that for deductions to be allowable they
must be incurred for the benefit of a trade or business and they must be
ordinary, necessary, and reasonable in amount.
The taxpayer's initial challenge is to demonstrate that the aircraft is used
in a trade or business and is not merely a hobby. In Parker v. Commissioner,
83 TCM-1400, the Tax Court found that an American Airlines pilot of 33 years
was not engaged in the business of building and selling experimental
aircraft for profit, but instead devoted much of his time and money to his
airplane activity because he loves airplanes.
The court stated that an activity is not one engaged in for profit unless
conducted by the taxpayer with an actual and honest expectation of profit.
In evaluating someone's "expectation," greater weight is given to objective
factors, taking into account all facts and circumstances, rather than a mere
self-supporting statement of intent.
Facts and circumstances that the court determined to be relevant in the case
of the airline pilot/aircraft builder included the following:
a.. The evidence did not establish that the taxpayer carried on his
activity in a business-like manner.
b.. The taxpayer consistently reported substantial net losses from his
airplane activity and used the losses to offset significant wages.
c.. The taxpayer's business records consisted merely of income tax returns
and flight logs. He did not offer into evidence any written documentation of
business plans or projections, contracts, or other business records
regarding his airplane activity during more than three decades of
operations.
Regulatory Guidance
In Regulation Section 1.183-2(b), a nonexclusive list of factors is provided
for use in analyzing whether someone engages in an activity for profit or
hobby. Such factors include:
a.. The manner in which the taxpayer carried on the activity;
b.. The expertise of the taxpayer or his advisors;
c.. The time and effort expended by the taxpayer in carrying on the
activity;
d.. The expectation by the taxpayer that the assets used in the activity
may appreciate in value;
e.. The success of the taxpayer in carrying on other similar or dissimilar
activities;
f.. The taxpayer's history of income or losses with respect to the
activity;
g.. The amount of occasional profits earned by the taxpayer, if any;
h.. The financial status of the taxpayer; and
i.. The elements of recreational or personal pleasure in the taxpayer's
carrying on of the activity.
Most taxpayers looking to make a significant investment in an aircraft would
begin with a thorough analysis of both the aircraft and its underlying
activity. They would generally search out those with the expertise to help
them find an aircraft with the right capabilities, including the ability to
serve the buyer's business needs. In this market of significant recent price
cuts, it is likely that a prudent aircraft purchaser would have a reasonable
expectation of appreciation in the value of the asset. Nonetheless, the
issue is not whether the taxpayer meets the underlying test outlined in IRS
Regulations, but can provide written documentation and retain necessary
records so that they may operate the business in a "business-like manner"
and provide such evidence through the examination authority.
Evidentiary Checklist
A taxpayer should consider the following evidentiary items typical to the
successful outcome of an IRS examination:
a.. Retains information used to make initial buying decisions, as well as
capital improvement decisions, that reflect taxpayer's industry knowledge,
participation in the process, underlying analysis, and operation in a
professional and business-like manner;
b.. Documents the receipt of assistance from business and industry
experts;
c.. Retains relevant information that may constitute the outline of a
business plan. The greater the formality of the business plan, the more
likely it is to serve as evidence of the taxpayer's for-profit purpose;
d.. Safeguards organizational documents and operational minutes, as well
as contracts and other business agreements, and maintains them in a
professional manner;
e.. Documents any expectation of appreciation in value and refers to that
in both business plans and meeting minutes. These expectations should be
buttressed by projected values derived from the historical appreciation of
the aircraft relative to its current position in the market;
f.. Documents that market position with reference to professional
valuation publications such as V Ref, Amstad, and the like;
g.. Compiles contemporaneous time records that will serve to reflect not
only the taxpayer's involvement and industry knowledge, but also be
indicative of a commitment to profit.
Although continued losses can be harmful to a taxpayer's position, the
losses are economic and not tax losses. The most significant add-back to
taxable income in determining economic loss or gain is tax depreciation.
Economic depreciation of an aircraft is often nominal or nonexistent. It is
therefore critical to realize that a taxpayer may receive significant income
tax benefits while still operating the business at an economic profit.
The love of airplanes runs deep among many aircraft owners and operators.
Being an enthusiast may be a harmful factor in a hobby-loss analysis, but
with proper planning it can be overcome by a well-written and documented
business plan, and business records that clearly illustrate the taxpayer's
expectation of a profit-making activity.
Louis M. Meiners, Jr. is an attorney and CPA who serves as president of
Advocate Aircraft Taxation Company. Advocate's practice is limited to
serving the needs of owners and operators of aircraft. Services include
sales and use tax management on aircraft acquisitions, income tax planning,
federal excise tax planning, and representation before taxing authorities.
Meiners can be reached at (800) 787-8112, or loum@advocatetax . com .