SLEAZEBALL EVOLUTION "SCIENTISTS" MEET THEIR MATCH -- Man as Old as Coal

SLEAZEBALL EVOLUTION "SCIENTISTS" MEET THEIR MATCH -- Man as Old as Coal

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> By LIN LIANGTAI
> of Taipei, Taiwan
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> An updated evaluation on a =93Carboniferous human calvarium fossil=94
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> Last update: April 25, 2008 (fifth edition)
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* w w w .edconrad . com /pics/OldestHumanSkull.JPG
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> Summary
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The author has examined through microscopes more than 30 thin sections
cut from =93rocks=94 that Mr. Ed Conrad discovered and sent to the
author.
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Without exception, they are all found to be fossils, including the
subject =93calvarium fossil=94. The object is a Carboniferous a human
calvarium fossil for the following reasons:
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(1) its computed-tomography images bear close resemlance to a
calvarium;
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(2) it contains fossilized osteocytes, Haversian canals, osteons, red
blood cells and various blood vessels in the specimens and thin
sections ;
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(3) it contains remains of neurons and glial cells that are found only
in the central nervous system;
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(4) No other animal has an organ or body part that matches its inner/
outer shape and size;
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(5) Its inner cavity has a capacity of at least 1,025 cc.;
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(6) It was found between coal veins near Mahanoy, Pennsylvania, where
geological structure has been dated to be around 300 million years
old. Some of the fossil=92s blood vessels have turned into coal,
suggesting it once existed in a coal region. In addition to the
subject fossil, there are at least two other pieces of evidence for
human existence in the Carboniferous age.
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=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
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> ED CONRAD PROVEN RIGHT
> * w w w .edconrad . com
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> First-Ever Update of Ed Conrad's Web page
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=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
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> Introduction
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A =93calvarium fossil=94 (Fig. 1, Video 1, Video 2, Video 3, Video 4),
discovered and owned by Mr. Ed Conrad of Shenandoah, Pennsylvania,
U.S.A., has been considered for over 25 years to be just a rock, while
its owner keeps maintaining that it is a Carboniferous human calvarium
fossil. This article attempts to evaluate the object by answering the
following questions in this article=92s Discussion section:
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1. Is it a fossil?
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2. Is it a calvarium fossil?
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3. Is it a human calvarium fossil?
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4 Is it a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil?
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5. Are there evidences for human civilization in the Carboniferous
age?
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6.Was there high-technology civilization in the Carboniferous age?
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7. Further discussion/Attempts to disprove myself
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7-1 Couldn=92t it be a rock?
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7-2 Couldn=92t it be something other than a calvarium?
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7-3 Couldn=92t it be a non-human calvarium?
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7-4 Couldn=92t it be later than the Carboniferous age?
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A calvarium is a skull without the lower jaw/the facial parts,
whereas
a cranium refers to skull bones that enclose the brain (Ref. 1). A
calvarium could contain degraded brain remains.
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> Material and methods


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Material A-1:
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On the author=92s request, the owner of the =93fossil=94 cut a small
specimen from the object, took pictures of the spot where the
specimen
was cut, and sent the specimen to the author by post.
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The specimen arrived in the following conditions:
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1. A chunk of =93fossil=94 about 1.5 cm long, 1 cm wide, and 0.5 cm
thick.
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2. Three small fragments that crumbled out of the above chunk
when
the author took up the chunk to look at it for the first time. The
three fragments measure about 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm x 0.2 cm each.
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3. Dozens of small grains, each measuring less than 0.2 cm in any
dimension.
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Above three kinds of specimens were taken to the geology department
of
National Taiwan University. They were made into three thin sections
(Thin Section 1, 2 and 3 respectively) in the following methods,
which
involved no artificial staining of colors:
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1. Thin section 1 (Fig. 4): Specimen 1 was cut for transverse and
longitudinal sections, which were then ground and mounted onto a
glass
slide, namely thin section 1. One third of Specimen 1 was left from
the process of making the thin section (Fig. 5, Specimen 1 remnant).
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2. Thin section 2 (Fig. 6): Fragments of Specimen 2 were cut, ground
and mounted onto a glass slide.
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3. Thin section 3 (Fig. 7) : Small grains of Specimen 3 were placed
in
a mold, glued firmly together, ground to a thickness of about 0.03
mm,
and then mounted onto a glass slide, namely thin section 3. This thin
section was not totally covered with glass, but was coated with a
thin
layer of wax on its top side.
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Specimens 1, 2, 3, and thin sections 1, 2, 3 were viewed through a
stereo-microscope, a digital microscope (ref. 11), and a reflected-
light microscope. The remnant from specimen 1 and thin section 3 were
also scanned by a scanning electronic mircoscope (Hitachi model
S-3400N).
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The scanning electronic microscope also analysed the remnant=92s
chemical composition in a tiny spot (Fig. 8, EDS report). Besides the
digital microscope, a camera (Canon model EOS 350D) was used to
capture images from the stereo-microscope and the reflected-light
microscope.
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> Material A-2:


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On March 17, 2008, Mr. Ed Conrad cut another specimen from the object
and sent it to the author. This specimen measured roughly 5.5 cm X 4
m
X 3 cm. This specimen=92s location on the =93calvarium fossil=94 is
visible in Video 1.
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This specimen, named SK2 (Fig. 2) by Mr. Conrad, was taken to the
geology department of National Taiwan University, where it was cut in
three different directions. Three thin sections were then obtained
and
named here as SK2-1, SK2-2, SK2-3 (Fig. 3).
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The specimen and its three thin sections were viewed with various
microscopes, such as stereomicroscope, transmitted-light microscope,
digital microscope, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Their
images were captured with the digital microscope, SEM, and Canon
camera Model EOS 350D.
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> Material B: the =93calvarium fossil=94


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On March 28, 2008, the author had the =93calvarium fossil=94 scanned by
the CT system of Alberta Research Council in Canada. The resulting
computed-tomography videos are listed in Result A.
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The author had also asked the owner of the =93fossil=94 to measure the
object and got the following data:
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Outer dimensions of the object: 22.8 cm (maximum length) by 17.8 cm
(maximum width) by 13.3 cm (maximum height)
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< The owner advised the author that on the top side of the
object, there seems to be a 6-mm-thick coating of foreign substance.
To be on the safe side, the author subtracts twice that thickness=976mm
x 2=97from the above outer length , outer width, and subtracts 6 mm
from
its exterior maximum height. Hence, the following figures are
obtained
and used for calculating its cranial capacity:
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Outer dimensions: 21.6 cm (Length) by 16.6 cm (Width) by 12.7 cm
(Height)
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Inner cavity dimensions: 15.9 cm (maximum length) by 10.8 cm (maximum
width) by 11.4 cm (maximum depth/height), as measured by its owner.
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Based on the above data, the author calculated the cranial capacity
of
the object as follows:
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1. Lee Pearson Formula, given by Williams et al (1995) and
Manjunath (2002b) (ref. 2).
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For males: 0.000337 x (L-11) x (W-11) x (H-11) + 406.01
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This formula uses outer dimensions, and those dimensions are
expressed
in millimeters in this formula. So, the following calculation is
done:
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0.000337 x (216-11) x (166-11) x (127-11) + 406.01=3D1,648 cc
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For females:
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0.0004 x (L-11) x (W-11) x (H-11) + 206.60
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< Hence, the following calculation is done:
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< 0.0004 x (216-11) x (166-11) x (127-11) + 206.60 =3D1,681 cc
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< Mean cranial capacity: (1648+1681) divided by 2 makes 1,665 cc.
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As the gender of the =93cranium=94 is unknown, only the mean figure is
considered here for convenience.
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2. Spheroid Formula, given by Manjunath (2002b, ref. 3)
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0.5238 x length x width x height(depth)=3D cranial capacity
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Above length, width, and depth are measurements of the cranial cavity
and expressed in centimeter.
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Hence the calculation 0.5238x15.9x10.8x11.4=3D1,025 cc.
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> Results


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A. Animated Computed Tomography images in all three planes
(horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes) of the whole object are
contained mainly in the following videos: Video 1, Video 2, Video 3,
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< Video 4.
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B. The EDS report (Fig. 8, Energy Disperse Spectrum report), done by
the scanning electronic microscope, reveals that the object consists
of oxygen (46% by atom number), carbon (30%), silica (14%), and small
quantities of Fe, Na, Mg, and Al.
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C. SEM images of Specimen 1 remnant and thin section 3 reveals
numerous remains of bone cells (osteocytes, Fig. 1-0), blood vessels
and red blood cells ( Fig. 9-1, Fig. 9-2, Fig. 9-3, Fig. 9-4, Fig.
9-5, Fig. 9-6, Fig. 9-7, Fig. 9-8).
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D. Various images of the object also show (1) branching blood vessel
remains (Fig. 1-0-0), Haversian canals and osteons (Fig. 1-1, Fig.
1-2, Fig. 1-3, Fig. 1-4, Fig. 1-5); (2) degraded remains of Golgi
neuron , neuroglial cells and nerve fibers (Fig. 10-1, Fig. 10-2,
Fig.
10-3, Fig. 10-4, Fig. 10-5, Fig. 10-6, Fig. 10-7, Fig. 10-8, Fig.
10-9); (3) blood vessel=92s transverse section remains (Fig. 11-1, Fig.
11-2, Fig. 11-3, Fig. 11-4, Fig. 11-5); (4) various fossilized
tissues
(Fig. 12-1 to Fig. 12-6).
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E. Specimen 1 is found to have at least three black areas. One such
black area shows brilliant black vitreous luster under naked eyes and
microscopes (Fig. 5). SEM and light microscopic pictures reveal that
the shiny black area contains carbonized blood vessels and
erythrocytes (figures 9-4 to 9-8).
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F. The estimated cranial capacity of the =93calvarium=94 ranges from
1,025
cc to 1,665 cc as calculated in the preceding paragraph.
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> Discussion:


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1. Is it a fossil?
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Yes. Its computed-tomography images (Video 4) don=92t look like any
rock. No rocks or plants contain all at the same time the remains of
bone cells, red blood cells, brain cells, Haversian canals, osteons
and blood vessels mentioned in Results C and D. They are found in
randomly-chosen, freshly-cut thin sections, not from re-worked/
contaminated tissues. Their colors are not artificially stained.
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2. Is it a calvarium fossil?
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Yes. Its computed-tomography images bear close resemblance to a
calvarium fossil on the organ level (Video 4). On the cell level, it
contains remains of osteocytes, neurons, and glial cells as listed in
Results C and D. Those remains point to a calvarium fossil that once
contained brain tissue. No other animal organs or body parts have
inner/outer sizes and shapes similar to this fossil=92s shapes and
sizes
(Fig. 1).
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3. Is it a human calvarium fossil?
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Yes. Its cranial capacity of at least 1,025 cc is surpassed only by
cetaceans, walrus, elephants, and/or dinosaurs (ref. 4). However,
those four kinds of animal have no crania/organs that match the
subject fossil in cranial shape and size. As each order of animal has
a different shaped skull (ref. 5), the subject calvarium fossil can
be
identified as a human calvarium fossil by forensic experts on human
skulls.
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One such expert is Mr. Wilton Krogman (considered one of the world's
foremost human anatomists and author of the book, "The Human Skeleton
in Forensic Medicine."
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Krogman had physically examined the calvarium fossil. His broad smile
in the photo (Fig. 1) says that he confirmed it was a human calvarium
fossil.
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The calvarium fossil matches humans=92 cranial size, cranial capacity
and cranial shape in the following ways:
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3-1 Cranial size (outer dimensions):
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< Neanderthal: 24.1cm (length) x 14.6 cm (width) x
17.8 cm (height) (ref. 6)
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< Subject fossil: 21.6 cm (length) x 16.6 cm
(width)
x 12.7 cm (height)
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< 3-2 Cranial capacity:
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< Neanderthal: 1,750 cc (ref. 7)
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< Modern Human: 1,350-1,400 cc (ref. 8)
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< Java man: 940 cc (Homo Erectus, Trinil 2, Pithecanthropus
I, ref. 9)
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< Subject fossil: at least 1,025 cc (by Spheroid Formula)
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By the Lee Pearson Formula, the subject fossil has a cranial capacity
of 1,665 cc. The vast difference between 1,665 cc and 1,025 cc may be
due to the following factors:
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A. The Lee Pearson Formula uses the object=92s outer dimensions, while
the Spheroid Formula uses its inner dimensions. In this case, the
object=92s inner width is only 60% of its outer width, possibly because
the fossil retains brain remains on a side of the inner cavity (See
the bottom view of the fossil in Fig. 1). As a result, the Lee
Pearson
Formula produces the result of 1,665 c.c. while the Spheroid Formula
produces the result of only 1,025 c.c;
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B. The calvarium was broken in the facial part;
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C. It has thick skull bones;
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D. It could possibly have a 6-mm-thick coating of foreign substances
on its exterior;
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> 3-3 Cranial shape:


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< Human: well-rounded cranium (ref. 10)
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< Java man: flat, very thick cranium (Homo Erectus, Trinil
2,
Pithecanthropus I) (Fig. 3-1 & ref. 9)
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< Subject fossil: More rounded than the above Java man (Fig.
1 vs. Fig. 3-1)
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< The above analysis shows the subject fossil matches human skull
aps in cranial size, capacity, and shape.
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4. Is it a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil?
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My judgment says yes. For over 27 years, its owner has attested many
times that all his fossils were found between coal veins near
Shenandoah/ Mahanoy (City), Pennsylvania. That is in the anthracite
region, the only one in the U.S. proper. It=92s in a most-studied
geological
area of the Carboniferous age.
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That is to say animal fossils found there should have lived there in
the Carboniferous age.
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The owner=92s attestation is mirrored in Specimen 1 remnant. Under
naked
eyes and transmitted-light microscopes, the specimen looks black and
shiny in some areas (Fig. 5). Under SEM and a digital microscope
(ref.
11), the shiny black area of Specimen 1 revealed its blood vessels
that have carbonized into coal (Fig. 9-5).
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The shiny black color is a sign of vitrain=97a thin, bright, horizontal
band in bituminous coal that usually breaks with a conchoidal
fracture. The fossil=92s black and shiny look suggests its origin in a
coal region.
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Its owner has two other fossils that are also coalified. One such
fossil is a coalified adze handle (Fig. 14). Another is a fossilized
small toe complete with skin tissue, finger nail, ligaments, and the
middle phalanx (Fig. 15-1, Fig. 15-2, Fig. 15-3, Fig. 15-4, Fig.
15-5). The toe shows signs of carbonization on the toe tip=92s bottom
side
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(Fig. 16).Before Mr. Conrad found the subject calvarium fossil, he
had
discovered many =93fossils=94 at the same place. Why would he discover
the
subject fossil anywhere else when many more of such =93fossils=94 are
still exposed out there, outcropping from the big boulders in the
region (Fig. 17-1, Fig. 17-2) ?
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Mr. Conrad=92s fossils include unimaginable fossilized organs such as
human liver, human finger, human long bone, mammalian limbs, etc.
(Fig. 18-1, Fig. 15-1, Fig. 18-2, Fig. 18-3, Fig. 18-4, Fig. 18-5).
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This fossil brings up many questions to current theories about human
origins. If we avoid them, we are only fooling ourselves. If we face
them, they will bring us new horizon and new direction for human
civilization.
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5. Are there other evidences for human existence in the
Carbonife